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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old8 N! y: ?8 J* \+ Q+ y
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical
# z- @" U, W3 d2 W# Q; Z% jExposure to Testosterone
( A+ x9 A4 S6 t4 F1 O6 g1 O7 `Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
$ C5 z( W5 m4 M$ fand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
, a3 H+ B1 Y- UClinical Pediatrics
1 p1 l# O; v2 d! fVolume 46 Number 6$ b2 R3 C, U( f8 H1 u; `: Y
July 2007 540-543
; o8 k3 @) ?7 q1 x, e5 D4 }  s© 2007 Sage Publications
  C# {7 G; _, j7 L9 ^4 ~/ ~, S! @10.1177/0009922806296651$ o* }% r, Y# s
http://clp.sagepub.com
5 F# T2 Y) U! {! ]hosted at8 [7 Q; a. h6 Y0 y: N
http://online.sagepub.com
1 w) T; l2 O2 a  ?7 o. sPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,' J8 ~/ W0 o$ B8 F8 J/ j# _
is a significant concern for physicians. Central! r8 I9 V! B1 S: |( ~, i+ E1 p2 M
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
+ J! h& d; H6 E$ H  p0 ^1 ethrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
3 _1 D) A; f4 k% }; A4 o2 D- Ba higher incidence of organic central nervous system" g. l" H3 J. n2 ?8 i
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
( P& W) H1 `! k9 }' kby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic2 A3 E% y5 y9 [# T* `; W
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-2 s4 `6 Y2 |8 ?4 l) R, Y
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We1 k+ T: n6 W1 z4 C; p0 g
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
. |( h) p* ]1 ~$ t4 r( s, @- Tenlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-5 t, U8 ]* q' \- O% q' q) c5 x- h) r. ?  o
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due
/ W( y6 z5 K  o% xto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by- P3 @( n. [, m% i! z6 Q$ B' S
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-& |$ @: c* i  ?8 r, `! f, w
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this- O9 s& v- d4 h: A) j3 O) l$ [2 s
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of# ^, S5 J) }) U9 P  ]8 N- r! F
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
+ y, f  a/ a) u2 z) l: obly more common than the rare case report in the
( I( G9 C: w7 H" _. xliterature.4
' X' m5 o) _4 ^, wPatient Report
8 {3 l1 }) t' A: j0 nA 16-month-old white child was referred to the! P9 i: p. w4 \: @) J3 N
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
, k, L8 _5 m& f/ Y0 wof early sexual development. His mother noticed
& ]8 q8 J- _5 m. i  Rlight colored pubic hair development when he was6 }% g/ N7 K4 g+ l1 B
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
6 J1 e. }) U2 N3 qSouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.8 u0 Z: d. g: H
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,- D/ ]7 T) ~% d9 A
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of# [; y. g$ S; E
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
7 v" R. q8 x! P7 Ge-mail: [email protected]., \* J3 u: n) Q5 U0 R. [
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became9 x5 x! w2 \$ E. k
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-/ ~! ]% ^. G. f! `0 ?2 L
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
( I* V8 l3 Y5 z' [3 v* u: U* Jwas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with+ s& G% O- h7 R' P0 ?2 v
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
# B9 M8 G0 r5 Y8 }: d) w20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year8 K/ x: F3 l' d
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with: a/ F0 f! b4 `- F% _. |
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
# T) K& G. t/ e. Jand his psychosocial and psychomotor development
6 j5 f  `" i3 |% S4 a: k  X! K, o" Awas age appropriate.; W& o3 O9 a! }
The family history was remarkable for the father,
. R  D: H6 N8 p8 y: J& fwho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
% I/ M: ?  ]+ r% _) x" ywhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
0 m2 m5 P# a# l6 G. ?* m# `8 Vheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
; S6 h7 b7 F5 Oearly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.* h. ?6 h. o9 x/ T* E- D) U
The father denied taking any other medication. The& _1 Q* j, ]2 O1 d# Q1 V8 R0 t* v
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
- ?6 A3 |* N$ A0 s5 f  {% d! Swas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet+ q8 Z* q0 i, H5 [1 X$ ~, ^; G4 q
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
2 @& x3 o  I2 h2 b  F. u* k3 e3 }cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
+ g2 {! \; z/ [& E" p) N, Htives. There were no siblings.
$ ^& {/ a( I3 _* _/ J: F+ q: ?Physical Examination! c8 M& F' e& _/ i8 H
The physical examination revealed a very active,9 W( {8 p2 k! V5 K8 W; M
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented8 Z' M1 X5 O) X8 h- I# _
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
! W" W8 y5 ?; v* W90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg" m- W& g: Z2 }. M/ w9 L" n5 P5 u5 F
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth! A; P% Y# K0 ~0 D- h* }* r
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
) z# Z/ k- P2 R1 ythe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
) v- B/ N/ d4 u. q% G1 N* PThe genitourinary examination was remarkable for1 N/ `2 h) r+ R
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
5 \& W, h2 W0 M- E$ n* k# K2 N$ a% i8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well5 u* p5 K8 d7 y$ u
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around* P) o9 Y6 i" G: c
5408 R+ D- U  @5 v0 c1 n: p
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the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The, s2 K$ |6 T9 w" E+ d  F. d
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
: D/ B) e8 z1 Y0 aThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat* C. [7 n' u0 J  _
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no& h( Z- ?0 y( _1 A9 f1 O8 g
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
' {- ^% ^: |2 Y5 k8 BNeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
+ P+ e+ q' B' gbilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
  c$ g: I: ]9 a- rof papilledema.
  O7 i/ U) r8 Q; T6 wLaboratory Evaluation6 [5 C0 w) X- G- W
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by$ @/ O+ J4 d$ y) R9 ?+ x) C' q/ b, b, E
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
+ Z2 ]) k: q% B; P3 Q" klogic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal$ Y) M2 d' Q6 ~' ?& v8 Z
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test4 V/ ~: K6 _. [+ D
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
9 `0 D  q4 X, w# g" Y% c5 wlating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
' y) [+ C/ u7 E. oThe concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood4 Y) W* b' B- B4 H, Q
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were2 {3 }0 B' Z0 e' |8 l7 t
within normal range for his age. The concentration
0 o' _6 t" f* X" ~4 Q4 f/ u7 zof serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL  ?9 z* D4 S9 J$ h6 m1 D' ?
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20  _2 r  \, B% y! M( w( Y' ~$ x
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
1 a6 B. ^$ Y& |$ n% \: Sterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
0 y, O  e9 _& k4 f  ydesoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
9 v5 w3 ?, U  N6 A9 R! [49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S); K* U- R  [: x4 p. A. j0 s
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-# w: R: Q# ?! O3 d3 d
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
# T  b' y3 {; u! k2 j  ?- h, qtestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
: J4 }. K" H, \) i4 w; y9 O9 Aand β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than3 x* N# ]0 V" @6 i& n/ L
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
: ?! Y3 G- @8 rstimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone9 p! k* \- z+ y
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
9 \' Q% T8 G" B+ v' M(prepubertal).6 J% L0 t1 |1 k. u
The parents were notified about the laboratory
* E& T1 I1 r7 r: b+ X" h4 L$ ?9 O1 Mresults and were informed that all of the tests were
: ]: C5 O! ]' u  B/ U6 Anormal except the testosterone level was high. The
$ l. K: {9 a9 _: S- A1 ?4 Nfollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
# C' g: V* ~- J4 c- Xobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-0 {) J1 N7 H$ ^. b9 D
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.
( n6 ]9 e* k3 g0 H3 \Physical examination at this time revealed that the( l. G% K$ @* \! T
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
. Y4 o2 J4 G  P; L! [, V# y2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained) @, O( B; q) U3 I4 C% |, B
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
5 z; O+ Y; ?, B+ Z: g5 p7 {& qpletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at: y2 \" d  @9 S3 L+ d
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
0 V1 O8 C* ~2 W8 E& u; \/ bmL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.6 I( v% z0 ~0 P4 q- |! i& {
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
3 i+ c2 Q4 K! K$ Z! t4 h4 K# Ling frequent erections.
# Y, C9 ]2 T- e1 @1 m$ K% U) RBoth parents were again questioned about use of
4 ]# a" j- g& ]: E9 j, ]* K" Kany ointment/creams that they may have applied to) r) d' h; `+ }& W* i/ a, z
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
- T9 d9 N' a! Q" l; x+ T0 ]Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
0 B( c& X8 o! r; t% A5 c/ Suse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
) |- n: c4 \# @; s8 B6 x- eing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for2 u0 U6 O. ~5 y
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
! g3 R+ i6 A- vto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-+ B1 [0 {' i2 q! I: [
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido6 s1 d% l6 ]( a0 o
secondary to depression.  O+ E: `5 n7 k, A4 A
The child slept in the same bed with parents.
1 M9 B7 \; y1 P' |( `. J8 Y5 [) oThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his
. K! [) J/ S2 d) O$ I% I# ~4 zchest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
2 \7 z, W8 i6 u/ x& qnificant bare skin contact between baby and father.9 f9 D6 Z( Z( `! j( W7 W* F
The father also admitted that after the phone call,
- f: l. [3 }) |: T& F8 P, Vwhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby( M, j  s$ O) \8 z( U
was high, he then read the product information' Q& P# Q9 O5 I# \' B
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-; n: G, C8 [/ X/ G& L: w
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they# L# C2 [( C) h; S0 d, @
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
! F  b5 F) _. e% S" Rfather was not hugging him with bare skin and had; X) n/ z, Z3 w) E' l7 @4 A$ R
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
8 |, E, M6 m. M8 _" l2 v, `test was ordered, but the family did not go to the+ `6 ^; I/ p& I# s- K) q3 R
laboratory to obtain the test.: A( r6 q& m3 Z0 x% s6 q
Discussion  p$ W0 G0 y% Y. h( T* r
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary& _: ~2 j: D% [, T% P  B& q
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4! z( W, N. E+ R. X+ r: m8 m& p& \
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
$ |" H/ j+ w1 X( eit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
; @2 z  V1 M8 p3 I0 [3 jthalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
; `2 }% j7 d+ O7 W7 @mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP! _  T* |# h. c3 H* H2 q' K: u
may have a central nervous system lesion that is
+ |! n$ S, ~) B0 l; }# Q8 n9 U2 Qresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-* K# @4 d# x; s" S
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
3 R- T( c5 {+ z+ ^- X+ bsis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
: F. U- P5 K8 B2 @' y* ?" ^6 Jboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-0 D+ T% l% _/ K5 n  v8 y
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-& \' t/ e! y  l! c* k) |
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
7 p5 p0 s1 _! R# `+ z$ zgonadotropins.1,3
+ V! V0 }0 @  F9 C8 s; D: ^/ o9 ?$ I4 lGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
4 ~  h, a- m1 f" ]cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
' E9 _( `) w6 J4 X8 R6 K- ]androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or
1 d1 @) A1 W# vexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-, K5 Z- H/ v! I+ V
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
7 \2 m3 O; Y8 {, d5 Scongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
1 R9 u5 W- }7 A  U1 h# C5 ]adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
6 H! L, O; v: @- g% Npuberty in boys.3,4
2 c3 F: L6 ~' X- @, \) u5 c1 @The most common form of congenital adrenal- R* `+ e: H. s* o6 P
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.$ Y. B! ^# \/ e2 H
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
3 Y+ {& v+ K, ^. ]) y1 _excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,( L- s# ~$ T, g
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
2 h( x  }4 n" H6 G) vexcess.1,30 X' _- n; |4 U  x
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
4 S( S' {; u1 s" `: g/ G! a3 F542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 20074 _  i/ Z; Y+ N4 N2 n; Q7 P
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
4 G' {' ?8 a4 w. }independent precocious puberty, which is also known4 l- X! J  Z3 W5 U/ O) t" Y
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a9 n3 i9 V+ k, P( W& `9 l; B# R: D
very young age. The physical findings in these boys
$ ?2 y/ Z) }9 l9 w' L( ^with this disorder are full pubertal development,
, y0 S8 ]0 ~8 r$ R; B, b, eincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys9 z/ d$ V7 K( T0 M" z0 d
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder6 ]1 X8 A+ l. }! ]( a. Y
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show( w5 U6 N% D; h8 |0 D
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-/ N" Q1 o6 b8 P
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
; H) a& K$ _, ^( qautosomal dominant disorder that affects only$ i4 g7 @8 T; g+ _; i
males; therefore, other male members of the family) h5 g4 F) ~: i$ G  A( E2 I0 ?" L# G
may have similar precocious puberty.3
5 z$ ~; e2 V/ `6 t  A, DIn our patient, physical examination was incon-
" t* o0 O6 }% R3 N) esistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
6 u0 Y) D$ Y2 g+ y3 S: vcles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis7 _$ O8 L9 Q3 ^  E
was in the differential diagnosis because his father/ W7 q  m) C% K% z- y$ l: C
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,9 @2 q) L) O- S, q/ O7 k* {9 [
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the# T- [1 D3 S6 I' M! S5 G  l
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-1 l8 F" G' E+ D
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our
5 ?1 e# g5 V) {1 |1 gbiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia," ~6 y  z' O1 W2 p/ b
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
* s( B7 o8 y/ O; K+ {; Odeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-2 t) x7 S9 q  Y5 M
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
5 j* N( [9 d9 Z# bThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
5 ^6 t# }5 J! P; b& }1 z5 _) Qsuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
: p0 p/ R6 X" U6 v1 Y% R9 ythe physical examination revealed the complete disap-  ^( v0 q# `* v9 V5 D1 l. V9 Z
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
9 f* b% W. b0 b$ O* Tdecreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-, v& K/ b! E; }. Z2 q6 `# W
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was* b' K9 ?$ d. D# C& U
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
3 H- Z5 }, ^2 w& l7 V! G2 \+ ~Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or2 E3 p. @" \/ L, @
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
& c. V7 B: r* l. ?! F) B! j$ v* yunprotected females through direct skin exposure.
) P  O4 r$ Q7 ?) w# G/ dSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
  ~' ^: V3 z7 F% |6 zbaseline value in those females who were exposed to
' o. w7 s# `; aeven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male# [) _2 G  b; f0 ?3 O7 p; @0 S
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
  O2 m* J. k4 j; r" G4 L  ~2 ption site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
" m" A0 |4 ^& `# ?Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,) {7 A! h; U- I1 k, D# Q
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
" t. F$ o( P6 \0 I8 Ndermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-4 @6 d! _' y3 N  _
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more' P0 L' a3 }* s1 A' P  U
active in young children exposed to testosterone
- K) f- Z4 W# Oexogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-0 F. g7 m7 s" w* m
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to+ K% \& Q5 X% {1 Y
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
1 ]$ |* {/ b0 r" i( Y$ {  F  Q; ~children results in an increase in growth velocity and
8 b# f/ d9 y7 k. H, Yadvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.4 x9 E4 O1 Y# b% X" q: ~
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during
' _3 S( H0 z* `. X# x9 Uearly childhood on pubertal development and final5 R4 V' B& O3 E. m4 k
adult height are not fully known and always remain, M# {4 M( c; h
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-) p2 x0 l1 {+ f: I2 U
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
% g+ i4 A* b2 Sacceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
: A+ c, H; w* Dcessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation% Q( c5 F$ C: H. t
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
- v# f3 C$ e- W+ l! r* r$ NThere are conflicting reports and controversy
' g  F$ v( \4 F: sover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult( g9 }2 N0 X! O, i6 }; R
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal! `! i" k  A" P- B. ^1 ~+ p
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
0 _5 U& F/ L# V9 {2 A& Gulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,: V$ Z( f9 c8 Q! d6 j
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between3 C7 U; @( o. N* M
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
0 m5 d' k  J* {! _. s/ k! X/ J: upenile length in clinical studies.: d' C+ Z, b2 T% \# M
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
9 I) R3 |1 J3 r( S7 x, |4 Sgoing to experience any of the untoward effects from0 m' A. |1 k5 z
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
1 V3 ]+ Y) u- ]: Cthe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.; w  H5 B' }. r  ]5 [
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of) X& K! m4 k$ F* r; i
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
: i' c' r: s2 _; ^8 E3 r$ `the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
2 C2 s- W4 s1 Oheight will not be affected.6 w$ S# t6 a) x  U" w/ r; S
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-
, k6 f1 c" G* `5 |! }+ Uability of androgen products in our society may3 _. U0 i5 J6 |4 P- k7 y  y/ w
indeed cause more virilization in male or female
5 H5 A5 `( t: c  l0 B$ [$ uchildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
8 y+ z4 {5 e' zgen products must be considered and specific ques-9 e% y4 A7 x) F6 Y
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or
1 C: ^3 \7 h2 O. @& ugel should be asked of the family members during
% I; t5 |9 e' f& F' gthe evaluation of any children who present with vir-% C. O- l' p* s
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-' j/ C  r5 u% ~! O7 I. S$ w. ^
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by
, R2 M0 Y( w1 o9 Jappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
4 W) N/ z6 S' b* A) x  h/ P7 Q7 }# w: a4 yhistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may& V+ P1 Z7 U+ a1 q, `& x% A9 s
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
0 l) B5 u, B6 p+ ~  m9 einvestigation. The primary care physician should be
+ M# |2 W1 x0 j  [) S( I; u* Kaware of this fact, because most of these children
. i9 w2 |! j6 Kmay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’' i4 ?% a+ |9 h
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a+ R" [- k8 }0 E' e. f
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or/ }. y9 n) `5 D8 t& w4 |' _
female child who might come in contact with some-
* N5 G" h% }  |$ Oone using any of these products.
3 t; z0 X- _5 zReferences
( v3 G* I9 F9 o* z( x: F/ x, n1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
2 ?. J0 [- _- ]and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric( r( p$ F7 L, }9 I) |
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
0 K7 v/ a. c; a7 t3 y  A2002: 565-628.5 t: K) f) v: P) C% R& v
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious  U; [+ M) Y- i# K, z
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old* f& e0 f+ S; z, h! i7 h) [, R
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical7 Y4 ^4 ~0 C4 n) _
Exposure to Testosterone
6 u: C  O& O( q! b: C% l: c7 hSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
& X; X) @: h# e, ~and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1; l  F7 _& Y1 C$ D7 Q; z
Clinical Pediatrics
! I9 T' L; b# ?Volume 46 Number 6
7 ^/ O' X# j( l( p0 YJuly 2007 540-543' z, z2 m2 }: Y0 Y
© 2007 Sage Publications2 ~3 e0 o2 {& T* e; J7 C% S' L
10.1177/0009922806296651
8 G4 m1 x' }, V1 mhttp://clp.sagepub.com( u7 E1 o* d6 n3 V0 t
hosted at
+ l. c+ [* C& \5 b" y/ c  y* yhttp://online.sagepub.com
1 O6 y% f( N' J. b" j( EPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,* P& A9 Z& b. i
is a significant concern for physicians. Central, `0 y" _, R: `
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated' ~4 y0 r! H+ d( w
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has2 i' M& k! Q; X- e: j4 [5 Q
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system
! _& b, V- z0 @: D* T- U; Llesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
, A; c/ Q1 V0 l3 `by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic' d6 \: R. q; c% T! w5 M3 ~2 ?
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
! |4 G# d+ y8 X. s6 Zcles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We8 J/ H0 Q& \4 o+ Z* d
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
  Z- ^4 l( F! S, n+ |. z9 Denlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-5 _/ P5 s; K; M: T5 M, c
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due  J2 Z' G; B+ \6 j- P
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by6 i4 }( m/ ?$ {% z4 o
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-
0 n* b, w/ e* N% v4 ^mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
- C. X2 b  g2 R- Y% v5 bchild. Given the widespread and easy availability of
. o0 g/ u( L3 v8 `; C# U  dtestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
/ Z+ w/ t% s6 a9 p; q/ {bly more common than the rare case report in the
3 ?& d8 ~1 K- ~& Y4 d  B$ Gliterature.4
4 b0 ?& F( ^3 {! G+ C% f' U9 u+ dPatient Report2 J1 H/ ~. f6 q) H
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the
$ ]) \6 a, ?) u( cendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern9 H5 k, e! W/ S  G
of early sexual development. His mother noticed. {/ f& ?$ s6 s
light colored pubic hair development when he was
/ R0 B9 k' [. D/ l! Q" m9 UFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of# M. P; X: d2 f# S' u* N' e
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.3 w1 Z' a8 h1 u3 y+ R4 Z: ~6 e) x8 o
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,, r- T: m  k- |6 @0 C; k
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of5 s4 K7 U& d) L9 L8 [* z
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;* Y( y5 h, z: i, ?$ ^& A
e-mail: [email protected].% F% Q+ ?1 D* X; t' q
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
7 C, N: r/ ~# [- |darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-& H4 R- z- L7 G& @. h, w
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
" k( f" b$ y" t; awas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
4 C6 f! s& f! i9 `9 ^9 v1 ?a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
7 Y, y1 t; \$ v+ A& ~( W- N20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year6 h7 g; S- [, _; y4 V) \
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with0 v7 v" L3 n2 u6 F, E) e' r
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,9 D5 z: J* |9 i7 Z7 _* F/ w2 [
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development
# c4 W8 G8 J7 ^. F  @% `was age appropriate.
3 d* E, q- y; O" b+ |The family history was remarkable for the father,
; F, O/ N" C8 x& m6 M: n$ Ewho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
) i/ W) O0 p5 X! j0 T) M' F  ?7 @which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s: K9 [8 U- k8 T# {1 c  ^% e
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
5 Z( ~2 b: |8 ^early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.2 ~0 V6 ~; C; Z" d/ l- J/ Q  `+ U
The father denied taking any other medication. The
- o" m2 _: r8 e6 Qchild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche6 Z. T- _1 ^& ~, l5 z8 L
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet& K& a7 M, Q( a  t+ U8 m2 s/ Z
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-. ~1 S  T* c$ L& v1 X+ t1 C) X7 p! Y
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-! G, S* C  {" M3 a# P. q  u% t  s! ?8 v
tives. There were no siblings.& u4 @1 S/ \' @+ E5 U5 S4 c& x
Physical Examination
( H0 Q9 O0 h0 R$ _4 ]: BThe physical examination revealed a very active,% ?% d2 i$ M4 X$ h
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
  c  k& Z4 c3 H+ Q! o$ @4 Ha blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was% F; B! M3 k5 h* @+ P
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
: X2 |) L* G3 S; \  _5 i- P0 Q(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
% ~# K) W' P, j: e& [velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of0 N  s( M$ k: l: g- S& ?( R! x
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
4 @! Y2 E( i  l0 Q8 mThe genitourinary examination was remarkable for
/ q( X& w7 P$ ^8 @' |enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
9 u5 T& v3 s2 A9 v6 s5 D8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
  p0 X) `6 |/ k, r. o$ t& D/ }developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around. v2 k; D7 O2 G/ n1 {/ E6 P3 A
5403 [4 x* i% O$ ]
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
- ]( r0 d( f) {. y: D$ h  Kthe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
: O- G9 V7 s; }' xtesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
; X+ Y. n- G0 g4 p( IThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat& l* P& s/ b8 u6 Q/ N
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no8 V0 |4 Y  ~4 d0 o3 r
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.- f; s$ d" Z& E, J
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2++ |. D7 `! V: J; ^
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion1 t, J0 I( H! R. z4 I1 g
of papilledema., U/ J8 c6 V' c2 l9 [8 V
Laboratory Evaluation
. D6 `3 S6 K% ~$ _% L5 IThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by) N# L  F9 S& G6 S. H4 n$ x, V
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
; y- R: Q: f; U$ X+ \logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal$ p  n0 P8 f% U# L& |- g
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
0 B% `) M6 X1 s$ q3 Hshowed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-# v$ R! N7 d- K: A+ E  \6 d; p; Y
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
1 u4 U9 m% \1 M0 b% mThe concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
2 A4 H! s( U5 }' \* R4 l: Y7 Nurea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were. H# _( n7 Y1 i8 x2 H+ x$ M/ c! ?4 U
within normal range for his age. The concentration
, s  j4 ~! J9 g! a( b) r3 ~/ F! |of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
, f2 i  z% |3 Y(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20  n) O. l9 g" p* z6 N/ i' p2 l
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
- L1 m0 h% l6 `: X% K7 d7 m- cterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
% U( e2 Z5 @- K9 r7 p% rdesoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
9 R, u8 ~0 y, L2 ~- f" m! x# l0 g49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)+ ^" b9 D7 Z$ j. V2 ~
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-6 U4 W" [9 v& n; A# P8 p
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total( i5 ~4 J4 D0 t# t5 Z7 M1 }4 C
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),, s" P2 \5 J6 o6 }! @
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
1 T  o% O! T5 Y5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
* k) t. w4 r. C7 ?, Fstimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone' W3 w1 A* H; E+ d4 a. |  A+ \
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL) |  o, n3 E! }+ G- o2 H- {
(prepubertal).# j& y* Z4 {; b  n* r; H/ S& W& S
The parents were notified about the laboratory
) Z2 \! ]  Q. g: A3 r. l& ]results and were informed that all of the tests were
, ~+ c; t* @4 P9 M  J- V/ |normal except the testosterone level was high. The6 v" z. v7 @/ U9 V
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to" R7 n% ^. x# c+ @2 l* Z
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-) l; ^8 h( C( `$ {) h' l) H1 w
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.; }6 Z: E' _6 W
Physical examination at this time revealed that the4 c2 k9 x& {8 p, Q7 `( [2 j) W7 h
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained4 f% W( o( F3 F: d. q
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
5 J/ o! [1 [# J, N, N! z% ?unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-& X2 f6 z$ k5 }5 R/ `7 Q  q  A5 p
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at% X2 K. j8 K1 M& j' g. z; W( o& x; a
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
: U3 V6 v7 P3 L! A( Q* C: DmL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.  K. ^. v/ f( W6 E# v# E' Y
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
: }- U% {3 Y! sing frequent erections.
6 g; y, {; l/ ]& K) t% S2 ^+ f7 `: dBoth parents were again questioned about use of! j) h+ m8 S8 k# s- x; [
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to/ `) M. \! x$ Q$ T4 M  z
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the; v) v- H/ Q! H
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 5413 t6 I+ V2 \2 F# t0 K9 t3 I* f
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-' t" Z1 n1 s- Y/ n: ?- h5 y
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for4 Z3 e7 U5 p2 k. Q! a* V
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
* ~8 m: _7 X* B, Z2 Eto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
1 y3 a8 ^/ R1 P- f; J1 A) kscribed by his family physician for decreased libido/ g' L! t$ f$ t; |6 Q. N. j% N
secondary to depression.
( D2 p6 J$ P3 p( N) UThe child slept in the same bed with parents./ d/ K% [" Y% _. g6 a  Z
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his
: Q6 j. O  ^! w1 w' ]chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
' m$ x6 ]( f0 ?# d9 Dnificant bare skin contact between baby and father.! @9 r' a& z: N: Y" a
The father also admitted that after the phone call,5 w  m# g8 n7 Z' G0 M2 W
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby
3 |8 B. R0 n1 e/ f; s7 jwas high, he then read the product information
/ g! R( x1 N( ?& b% vpacket and concluded that it was most likely the rea-5 H7 }! x* S" e
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
/ N* |7 U1 C5 q( `decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
4 ~! e# W: p1 ]! D' h) afather was not hugging him with bare skin and had
& a  `) I7 Y/ {' Z, vbeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone* V; K1 X$ ~: @# m! b/ H, d
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the, ?9 ]. l6 K" B" u! G  c
laboratory to obtain the test.
4 a) j$ B* ?' V4 KDiscussion$ w# x/ P3 H. I$ u4 k+ ^0 y
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary0 D, G1 k2 P+ M0 Q5 i8 k
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4, T# `) v1 M* U. y+ g
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when7 G# \% i7 ^# m+ ]2 Z" g% n1 r2 j
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-, y  O8 Q' h9 B5 o0 @# [6 K
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-! x" O1 V& {& n" k3 o6 J9 ?4 s* u
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
" O: e+ t  I8 U+ l( Smay have a central nervous system lesion that is
2 w$ P. z( `! ]4 aresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-- `" y0 T0 h, J; ]( a: A) y
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-/ ], ~$ P! \: _5 s; M( p
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in! v: L  w3 N* o) Q5 G. a- s
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-# H. k% A$ t5 f+ _7 i4 d; h0 @
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
' y3 }- R) ^) D7 Krical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by2 Y& {. U% H6 y5 r" C! g1 R
gonadotropins.1,3: F  A+ P' n$ D* p
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-4 |4 A( t  V6 T" @6 e. f- o* E
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate$ P% \, \  d9 X, U0 d6 z  R& D
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or
8 w! V( j: Q& b0 h+ [8 v( _; C/ D3 P9 qexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
+ d! p; g8 H+ Q% r! k3 M1 wulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing9 k; w2 P' i4 `+ Y
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive7 N' A4 A6 c2 O  Z6 ]1 _
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
4 h% T( G. Y" Y2 N1 V- D0 Apuberty in boys.3,4/ @$ V- ~5 p# j! q
The most common form of congenital adrenal
% v( ?/ _3 Y- X  A9 y  Nhyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
+ T" A# g  S/ M3 QThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
& |( I: k2 ?1 ~+ C, @: I! Eexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
2 J& {( D5 l0 r* P6 s7 Can adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
) s& x: P! L- g* L; I( Kexcess.1,32 I. O2 [; g# M/ B
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
* p) `# `3 z9 O6 v542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
( _3 B- Z8 ?& c3 C; F8 mA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
* a7 p/ k- y, P- B& e/ D2 T8 d+ lindependent precocious puberty, which is also known1 I: U! }. I, d: ?% ?7 v( ?& O
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a" E4 S/ Z2 W/ [
very young age. The physical findings in these boys
; Y4 J% T( r. [5 u+ R+ E. awith this disorder are full pubertal development,
1 M$ A6 u& V" s4 ]( Zincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys# O+ G+ Y) h! D8 \
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
& P) \* c4 A& k! i& C8 U7 s! tare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show2 d2 n9 t  l1 d  n4 X$ R$ a
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
8 m1 k$ \* u+ y" x% ]2 z0 _$ ureleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked2 E2 Z- `& s- _1 s* D  Q
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only
; ^( n4 Z, J2 i' C$ x: B5 @: i7 Amales; therefore, other male members of the family
2 l: V) [) C: v* D5 ^: y# D  ]5 @' ^may have similar precocious puberty.3
  C6 u% a! m' z8 A* {- gIn our patient, physical examination was incon-6 B2 A# Y, b' E
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-7 I0 H9 `" a# Y4 N( F4 h+ M
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
- b1 Q  V& `5 T) X# gwas in the differential diagnosis because his father
) G2 X- h$ V0 b  }started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
! ~0 ^1 V8 @1 ?7 T+ V2 q6 ttesticular enlargement is not that evident in the. X' F4 {1 g/ `+ `
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-! [- K" J% [) g" [, |
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our6 i5 }7 ^7 k6 J
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,2 |; b7 l# X, Z) Z# V
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
2 ^# u. a, t# G+ `8 R$ J' ?( L2 F  T- wdeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
; X( l3 |$ M* Cing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
% K/ w: x% |5 W% @2 ?9 w! B. |The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly: T* q7 v4 q, h" Y! Y3 V, k
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
( l1 U" s& m& a# `the physical examination revealed the complete disap-8 i, p: u. n' i/ W$ l/ p$ [
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and4 X( Y/ U& A1 N; q7 F
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
' s) y" `. H+ U! a- g, z+ Fterone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
6 _  m8 ]+ p6 h1 V7 z( P" g, Cusing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’7 |( W+ N# D0 R" s' @9 d4 P
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
) A. S  b# F4 Q$ b9 b0 Wcream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
8 x3 N' u. Q( q6 b% junprotected females through direct skin exposure.5 p% E7 {* i5 m( R
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
( U  e! B4 f4 s9 x5 r$ W% |baseline value in those females who were exposed to% E$ E, V5 Z2 B) }8 U
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
$ x. @& Q, K5 opartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
. w7 H/ j4 ^0 `8 m3 Btion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.6 Y; ^4 A# E7 o, K, F
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
, a. q" C7 y7 u$ a: X: C1 Y1 J0 Swhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that! J  Z9 n* m" M
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
) }4 a& S* ^0 l/ N& zterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more) f8 R  w1 P8 X1 r
active in young children exposed to testosterone2 o# Y: a( t" q$ Z  Y$ _
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
) J! N# g, j4 xdrotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
2 N8 x6 X; s; S! ]( Uvirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in6 ]+ r- u9 c% a& U- W" z& u
children results in an increase in growth velocity and
1 D( ]% y7 R' ~0 h% Aadvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.* H! H( H7 W' G6 R6 P* ?
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during
' I. T% b6 e, k! G  I5 |. Nearly childhood on pubertal development and final5 ^5 _6 ]2 C9 |/ f( Z
adult height are not fully known and always remain
" P2 {9 ?7 ]+ Qa concern. Children treated with short-term testos-3 H9 q6 A# ~# B
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
, ~2 d$ Y$ ^- J$ M/ dacceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after# d% O0 a+ X. s) C
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation8 k4 h! C+ B0 r! ^
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9- O0 Q7 U# v9 j% S# z
There are conflicting reports and controversy
  E& F9 y% p6 Q: z- Z3 q) D2 eover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
0 R  W1 g+ d3 \penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
6 h& Q8 h9 q3 V' {, L  d  ^2 c( K; Qadult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
- {! b  @  \! C  W* D6 O. B. F5 ^1 \ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
7 i/ N8 _, y3 m, J, A9 g' {& b" DSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
: r  n5 j# C; d3 C9 ]/ @4 Cchildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
' u4 l7 x7 s  j3 Tpenile length in clinical studies.% l9 ~0 W9 }4 `7 C7 _' t0 p
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
1 h1 P) L9 c' n2 [* _( {going to experience any of the untoward effects from
7 h) f+ ]& s. ~- A5 k5 mtestosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
* ~* m$ q* K; B+ m# b. J! }the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.% O1 y2 o  Z/ W; C# M$ ?! b
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of
( z& R5 i+ f9 Z: S  J2 Bdiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at& |* C: a% f+ E) G4 H3 j) f2 ^
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult7 Q; M% R- \: }9 v- r
height will not be affected.
1 q8 h: d# E, H$ z/ wAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-% I# f) ?, Y6 q3 W, n; b: y' c, Z/ `
ability of androgen products in our society may$ Y" M2 B+ {0 R/ U- [' F$ ?
indeed cause more virilization in male or female; Y" A; q: y5 X" p
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-2 h9 i* P6 C0 l+ W
gen products must be considered and specific ques-
8 o0 ?( H) x$ @3 Z0 }& [tioning about the use of a testosterone product or
% V. [9 Y" M' n, s  ]7 H( I, \& D0 ogel should be asked of the family members during6 Y) U& j4 ^' D- g1 [2 o! F
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-2 V6 D! U$ \$ ]- r
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
$ N5 z* q5 @+ X; B+ m5 y5 D0 unosis can be established by just a few tests and by
1 a& L6 n! u3 G! i4 N/ W2 ]$ @appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a' q4 W( n8 O. ?; h6 Y" e0 {- @
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
# m9 Y' ~& S7 g, Rresult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
, b: n! Q# B! E$ r! c7 ?investigation. The primary care physician should be+ I8 P6 m6 h* G* j( p
aware of this fact, because most of these children. V/ G' ?, u8 {7 [* }9 M$ R9 Y
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
: o+ [0 {( C1 M/ m8 z  `# ]4 ?4 jDesk Reference and package insert should also put a
4 Y+ _/ v! w8 e% L3 x* @warning about the virilizing effect on a male or/ P* p9 J$ G& A+ [+ N6 z1 n
female child who might come in contact with some-8 V+ }! a7 j% C" @! y% ]3 ]+ W
one using any of these products.
. D9 A3 H0 A% s9 b1 YReferences
$ ]+ Q6 C3 X0 M1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation) P" }; j/ @$ V1 _& W0 l1 T) A# `- |
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
, S6 R. @+ C% T/ TEndocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
& X+ D# z( V" g$ r2002: 565-628.
: a* A  V7 {+ s2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
3 s6 @6 Q& ~$ k9 T% F# ^# ?puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
發表於 2025-1-7 21:59:43 | 顯示全部樓層
這個我收藏了!謝謝分享!WK的資源越來越豐富,這少不了大大的辛勞!
發表於 2025-1-10 10:43:39 | 顯示全部樓層
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感謝大大的辛勞分享!我會繼續在WK關注大大的文章!
發表於 2025-1-11 22:18:01 | 顯示全部樓層
女厕偷拍辅导班主任尿尿老师的逼很嫩还有一点
發表於 2025-1-17 16:31:39 | 顯示全部樓層
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4个什么样的?
發表於 2025-1-19 02:41:05 | 顯示全部樓層

: f1 U1 [$ P2 c  U5 x精妙絕倫的精品,感謝啊!期待你更多更好的創作哦!
發表於 2025-3-8 22:04:50 | 顯示全部樓層
絕對的好貼!謝謝啊!逐字逐圖地看完這個帖子以後,我的心久久不能平靜,感恩啊!
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