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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old2 J" G/ D7 N. |# k, X: l. H# J
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical$ F4 I( Y- n# d8 D# o
Exposure to Testosterone
: z& `& D8 Z4 E0 o9 ^Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
- m+ ]( N  E- ?. s, h; f7 zand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1' I/ q3 ~6 N7 @/ V
Clinical Pediatrics. q4 x% h/ f% u% B# o! I1 A
Volume 46 Number 6- v2 z2 J/ J- y
July 2007 540-543
3 O2 X; I. W& D© 2007 Sage Publications% b+ z- \6 C! H+ }! \
10.1177/0009922806296651
" f9 S1 Y8 a( n5 n/ S9 ghttp://clp.sagepub.com* Z& v: f8 w# u# `. W
hosted at3 E7 x3 t  J$ U6 l+ A# x. l
http://online.sagepub.com2 x2 Y" I2 [  h$ H; g! X" Y3 A
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
  F% h; ~9 {& x9 Wis a significant concern for physicians. Central
: H+ {  ]$ x- G! kprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
+ R, h# z# ?: ~through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has6 g! z( }6 N0 l4 ^! k" K+ C9 `6 r
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system9 E& V' p6 Q9 O: _7 x/ [( A4 l6 f
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested' W4 H/ ~. I4 p( W! i: N
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
' }" m; u/ n+ mhair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
* Z/ O! l8 B& i! C5 C' \0 Y5 ncles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
+ l% \  e  }- |$ h4 E4 \report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the; g, W( q8 J; C5 d8 y* N7 o
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-0 m' l9 Y( K& R7 k1 d; K; B& ?
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due
. ^+ n& A9 k/ @$ C8 J, T: j' Ato the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by. e8 t% E4 j- T
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-
9 L% W' \. T" y% _+ s' m/ a  gmation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
+ s2 w# c3 s. K0 b( echild. Given the widespread and easy availability of
$ f$ L( A' K" ]5 X, T# ], \testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
3 [8 J' p6 P3 C6 X' lbly more common than the rare case report in the' F, Z- Q, _4 M
literature.4
9 b8 [! ]& w. }# X: x& U# NPatient Report  b# g# z3 S4 p6 x) v  [
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the
, J# W' Q. R# Xendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
- U: P* J/ v& K$ iof early sexual development. His mother noticed0 Y& F  u: v0 Q4 Q% Z0 `
light colored pubic hair development when he was5 |" ?) }- E+ w4 L4 _0 C5 v
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of9 d0 S1 f% u$ `6 V6 }) Z
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
( b, ]! l) T9 V! ?) eAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
3 @1 q' V+ G: G+ P" q( J8 m$ }8 k  HProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
3 f% \$ k- {) ]2 t' I! n  tMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;  N. J8 u7 {1 o/ M9 B7 K  Y6 Z
e-mail: [email protected].
5 V3 f1 k/ U  t. o5 d$ k+ \about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
: Z/ D" D1 _6 @; \% Vdarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
9 X0 V' ]$ s! S0 x! q/ J0 {ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
. P; z5 V  W- R5 O. k+ x% ywas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with9 e9 N9 o4 ^7 P. Q/ ^
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of' Q$ r" {5 f. m% z1 K) i' `9 ^
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
3 j# w% ]4 b! [of life and was still receiving breast milk along with
* ?4 L7 {( P; A. O3 Z5 B# a6 csolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,  Y( y/ w: {9 i1 w/ r
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development6 k. F7 ?  ^* d/ w+ P5 o
was age appropriate.! n1 ?$ w2 F7 e8 i8 g( G
The family history was remarkable for the father,
, |0 H* K! G# w7 ~' x" w# Owho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,! ~( m$ ~) e1 n4 ^- F+ w& @
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s! t# v+ f6 S8 M8 m+ ~, C# \
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat9 M* R8 k+ Q( e
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
1 }8 n4 V% X9 M2 YThe father denied taking any other medication. The  Z. _2 o" o/ @5 m
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche% I7 z, l' M3 ~6 l: q) a
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
6 V) L+ V4 p) g0 U% }: Q) v+ g5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
/ h6 Y/ A/ h- B7 C# f( A" L' G9 kcocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-' A2 K4 S" _/ s+ l
tives. There were no siblings.
, [$ P8 |# N2 v9 y$ R, {& Q. YPhysical Examination: W3 K" \/ X1 n1 b# r
The physical examination revealed a very active,5 ]6 ~3 \6 ~1 u% }
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented1 t7 E" l' \7 _/ R3 k2 m/ @) M
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
% a) ~8 S  \& `0 {$ A+ Y; x$ A90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
  J- v5 b( ]1 _) z6 }8 V' y, \6 `(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth) l/ `2 s# g1 r0 D
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
9 x7 p" K% B& {0 C4 V+ \8 `* Tthe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
  l/ G! `+ U9 Z' v( ^" u% qThe genitourinary examination was remarkable for& J9 d& t) N' T: z
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of9 |, U+ Y3 i1 i: r
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
1 _& @0 J0 G! {0 d$ J- W8 A* F* fdeveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
. |! q! B4 K& T* {540
- _% U% N4 T' [. R! g7 Yat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
: t) Z$ u$ G( o7 E* Y% ?the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
& F; {0 z" Q0 k; m4 ntesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.6 a6 h# }9 Z- {: g
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat& {" H( l/ S  {* _
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no, }4 N  _- E) B
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.& m% N8 K" E  Z. y
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
3 P# m1 S0 K' m: kbilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion; S) E& v; |% j' o& p& H1 G* g! j
of papilledema.
$ K* D) n$ U5 H' X: P1 ?0 NLaboratory Evaluation
$ P4 |. z! [, y- ]- s7 V3 UThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by
% ?! E( b& u; d( busing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
6 l/ N" D! O. ~" D" C7 J- |3 Plogic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
! `  l) P6 b8 Dkaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test  }# c; T2 n; k( a3 O1 m1 c9 Z
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-: K( v% I1 ?# f- S6 L$ A* e3 x8 L
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).3 A) g- V+ ?9 }/ e4 J( U& W$ R
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
/ S- n" J1 B4 V1 q! f7 H$ `urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were- p2 }' ~  Z% n, h+ u! K
within normal range for his age. The concentration
3 H; X  J9 C8 L" m7 Gof serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
% R& `! v/ U) M: ?(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
. a5 L. v4 N& n0 }5 ?+ e! Fng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-% e" d( d  l  G1 p( Z* b) `
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
' z5 ~4 k4 o. Adesoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to+ j+ U2 R3 t  W% E) P4 `
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
& K2 I0 F) d: ^7 I0 i3 \: k2 Dwas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
( o( C1 _8 E- R% X+ ~; [tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
2 }+ X, f& K2 Dtestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
4 Y( v1 f3 E7 ]  y3 cand β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
2 e0 l& R& m+ a6 j7 _% q% _5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
4 S# ~6 Y7 q6 W) ^, c/ Z& Hstimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone( U* q9 |( f/ p) S
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL. q7 I( B0 O% L( q/ u
(prepubertal).
* U( C* L' d: w( CThe parents were notified about the laboratory
/ v- {; I; Q  `7 Sresults and were informed that all of the tests were" {$ ~2 A. \: o' O4 r2 ]8 i
normal except the testosterone level was high. The  q2 K% W: `' C
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
- y% H; H/ T8 b* L6 K7 J; Aobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
: g6 b% `  r; C4 Z3 yever, the family did not return for 4 months.
" _  ?1 X& G- g2 z$ K: u7 TPhysical examination at this time revealed that the& p2 S7 U; C& R2 L9 ?5 n" X
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained1 e6 n& @# Q5 J; p) r* b0 Q
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained; N2 R, |* H+ I& x) G
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
- f3 }; A' t( o. ~3 a; u; Ipletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at! z( e" O: _& a# a
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
1 X# C  g; j* `7 T! gmL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.: B8 q" V, H5 m4 C4 h. Y( k
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
( w" G# s, P0 o/ S) ^ing frequent erections.
- G: O. g0 ]# K2 G, k: r) U; v- ]) WBoth parents were again questioned about use of: |# Y9 D7 f' W5 z) n& Y0 o& F$ P/ ]
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to3 T6 Z- e! S* `5 L6 Y4 b. Q1 |
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
$ I; X, p) v+ \3 B5 O1 M/ VTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
1 L% c  h: D. W: g) z0 Y' wuse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
, y& b, M4 B/ f. }6 D* r" V" p: ving over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
- a9 j# R. L: T% ^! i: ^7 ^a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
/ U! h0 y2 {( e5 O$ \to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
$ G% z) G5 ]( kscribed by his family physician for decreased libido. a* ^, }, v- j& l; M* ?6 b2 q0 S
secondary to depression.
* \. t9 [7 h, W0 v% d5 m+ ^* FThe child slept in the same bed with parents.0 p4 V' b0 [3 u9 t9 Z6 O
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his
; h  z5 j4 R  t- d9 F! y# ~chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
  U! g1 W, ~9 M1 G: p- }nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
' `& A0 J' \+ cThe father also admitted that after the phone call,; D+ N0 [0 ]) s4 n9 t5 {# ^3 l
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby1 Z; C  W  \" z& V0 c' {* Q( [
was high, he then read the product information8 _! Y' i' x8 i+ {( U* U) u* R
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-/ U- s( r' z7 q$ d) J0 D5 G
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they' e: `$ r$ G$ B) W! I% q
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
' z( _3 X0 W, ]! `father was not hugging him with bare skin and had
) C6 l4 G1 X1 |! c/ O1 O- ?2 gbeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone& [$ L: b0 l* w
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the
% E9 E/ d, z1 y$ v" _/ X" Rlaboratory to obtain the test.
1 {" n* q2 }! @8 y' Q* p9 rDiscussion
9 P; i) M% Y1 K4 R1 WPrecocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary) r9 P8 `) I3 g1 p9 V/ ^( y
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4! e3 @& Y3 p6 {1 I% c/ U) x: t
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when5 w# g! r7 R6 l- n; N
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-' i" S+ c8 v; t" X" v* \" }* y
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-+ |, n" F2 I* {' N6 N) C
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP( N; d- Q+ z; M/ |& c, K
may have a central nervous system lesion that is: _/ S( Q# i+ M: v3 P) D( z
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
% v0 ?- ^) s' n# L1 c# Samic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
$ e$ j& z- n+ V) R; F+ bsis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in: v: j$ m% I: v% s# `
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-& f5 `0 d/ [0 b  {# m9 j# S
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-. e2 u: y4 c7 U" D/ ~
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
- N: h5 J/ S# j" sgonadotropins.1,3
$ d, o0 J/ a  E) i8 ?Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-% [) g: V; @0 Z: L' U
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
9 p8 A; v( W. ~. Candrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or
1 [: o5 K3 C2 i% x$ fexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-0 H8 W1 z" M0 n: i8 A0 ?0 y
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing9 ^4 c5 [0 Y9 `' i( F7 c+ q) i
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive/ M# g& V! C  v* O7 i
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious$ _0 q4 y, a9 h* c# j
puberty in boys.3,4
; ^3 R1 d6 y4 ~' |5 z+ N1 O3 u' jThe most common form of congenital adrenal
( a0 I2 _3 J; Z2 j7 x) Z- s  uhyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.. @' n, D' |+ k
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in2 _4 m$ j+ Z1 n6 n- c
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
4 i( o  d+ b4 E5 d" H7 ?an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
: Y8 ?& L; p0 B" J0 s* jexcess.1,3! Q; \( O3 Q+ M2 X; u
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from( _2 V% T- I0 B( W' G0 D+ v
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 20073 l7 m6 M/ [0 i7 x9 m9 {
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
& P. h& _0 P+ s- @$ j, l. E7 f+ Hindependent precocious puberty, which is also known
: R5 l- U" w: \( j5 H" Qas testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a; _" D/ Y' ?; R9 U  C
very young age. The physical findings in these boys! s( G/ j+ M+ `5 |$ a0 e/ m* @
with this disorder are full pubertal development,
; A2 P1 A. P* mincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys  z0 X  a8 S/ S$ A0 F! _' @1 z5 V
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder: l% _1 n+ y' k* B
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
/ m* m4 c% x3 R3 O* W$ Q& zpubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-* a, i" ]$ Z4 |
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
, j( w/ e2 L$ p3 q! b' D3 s% a0 c/ b2 wautosomal dominant disorder that affects only9 \9 ]) V- g- w( D* t
males; therefore, other male members of the family4 P3 `0 U. v: I
may have similar precocious puberty.37 M/ }8 W( v) F# y: K- X! E
In our patient, physical examination was incon-/ L) q9 F- |6 H8 p, z& V* e$ l
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-$ t, \  l3 p" q6 P+ L
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
; I5 S8 W+ R+ h6 ]4 F# wwas in the differential diagnosis because his father7 }/ }) x9 z* r" ~; o
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
  n# T6 X! p; o- ~! l5 }8 Wtesticular enlargement is not that evident in the
3 E2 x" J; K( ^& e' ^6 H& s; W, Bbeginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-# o# J) `2 l8 R. L  R( t: h
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our5 s& s/ |+ O5 w( ~5 r
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
. {* A+ Z" Z1 v( u' heither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase1 @4 S3 r, U/ u0 z; W# M
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-. P& P& _0 ~* u! v, ]$ P2 c
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.) ], ?5 h7 A: ]4 }
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly% F% r- l4 F, y3 w+ I
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
1 ^4 I/ ?. q% t/ W, qthe physical examination revealed the complete disap-  R, p; ?! B6 l3 u) ^6 R
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and& M  H, _9 W3 S! j: A. ^
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-, o5 O  e. w. e
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
; J9 E+ E: F0 ]using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’7 G! E3 V" p5 I$ |
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or+ w: y/ m! N  p! K4 d. N# I% |
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to7 Q, g1 n) h0 D9 p# ?
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.
& L3 _4 C" u6 BSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the6 N! p5 c! S; `
baseline value in those females who were exposed to) v! K& o$ S3 {% g% [  L8 ^
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
! x3 x) c7 s3 P/ b0 H) H/ Qpartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-) }. @" c# u0 {
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
8 q0 N; A3 q; @" X% l- m5 m  p  aOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,; z! @% o. c  N3 C8 M' N4 }
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that( D& i1 j8 q  W0 @$ Y
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
$ ~" X; }. @/ v7 d; Y2 |terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more' N# l: O# R# C# ]# B$ C8 s
active in young children exposed to testosterone
1 y) ?" `" W$ P5 E4 d6 gexogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-. ~2 L4 U4 D; g) r' y2 g5 c; B' g
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
3 w/ Z8 C, y( j. Ovirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
6 K, [- {7 m9 H& kchildren results in an increase in growth velocity and
, S0 S( ]. K* l1 Dadvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
. m$ j0 s! x! Y% J4 CThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during
9 O* |! L# g& A- c! N+ A4 Mearly childhood on pubertal development and final' Q% h" a. I- K, C5 W
adult height are not fully known and always remain
& w& `% o3 E& Oa concern. Children treated with short-term testos-, f$ A! ]& `8 I3 Y  q1 p; q& `; w
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
" F. @& M) U5 J/ B  ]7 i0 z  uacceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after# e4 R$ l- n. Q" v! c
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
. k8 j$ K7 M( R0 Ldecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
, k; V3 r% C4 \0 Y' u- }/ g- \There are conflicting reports and controversy
' D9 X. d1 i& h) Z+ n) X" Jover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
, |, n. l3 l! {& Y. x! h' m! }/ bpenile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
9 u) I1 i+ M  l$ b! Cadult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
  C: q- x2 x8 F2 q  L0 l5 iulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,! D* U6 y: }5 P, N' I) a: z* i
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between# u+ a+ ]8 p3 D4 M; {, z
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult& B/ ?! B  E+ X4 }- ~
penile length in clinical studies.+ }8 G0 c  m& j
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is& G- `+ C+ D% Z' K, ^1 R* s6 P4 q
going to experience any of the untoward effects from6 d, L, r3 ]( y1 Z
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
5 d: ^$ P& ^5 z+ h$ S' Lthe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.* I& C( z& o4 J2 O& J# q
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of- n( }6 }* c- b1 ]
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
. L3 j7 v2 \$ J3 b" S1 L, j- Ythe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult7 F. p6 i2 u6 \6 g
height will not be affected.
: D( k: [" {/ V% G0 y; i  jAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-* Q9 T# ]& i& Y: a9 B
ability of androgen products in our society may% A: a" _: u; f9 }  Y
indeed cause more virilization in male or female; J: V) r; P  l. {0 M  m. c# l8 O
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
5 E! g$ ]2 g4 Qgen products must be considered and specific ques-
0 c3 P7 H( W5 btioning about the use of a testosterone product or  s# X- W* B9 G% V3 ]3 w
gel should be asked of the family members during. m& r& H. z0 Q" B4 O
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-6 y' D1 ]1 I+ f- v# A
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
2 }3 e. h9 A* x- `6 C1 A$ T* Jnosis can be established by just a few tests and by4 G: l' C  u1 P! w6 u$ B& P& w
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a. l- ?5 t: K' k  s) b" ]
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
7 l+ Y, h" T& d0 oresult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive$ Y* t& a: [9 E# K5 V. J5 V
investigation. The primary care physician should be2 ~* b% r1 ^' T" P0 E  Y
aware of this fact, because most of these children
8 w0 J7 O( c' I" ~4 x/ f, @& hmay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
+ _! l$ Y* k8 Q# X& t* gDesk Reference and package insert should also put a
" I0 S8 X2 k3 E4 O: Ywarning about the virilizing effect on a male or+ f, X( N( g$ G+ U, G
female child who might come in contact with some-
* K; q- a9 Q) V2 ^& vone using any of these products.' W; ~+ R1 J, r1 X( o/ p
References8 _; S& D/ H- o+ x: k6 L4 ~5 q
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation" |$ L3 j  \2 Y6 b  H
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric1 E+ k  d3 u  [( F$ u- y3 Q& L# l
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;7 b) r7 T: ]9 `0 j8 `
2002: 565-628.+ W; ^8 {2 M2 ?  M# _% H* m" i8 @
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious$ |4 u7 u! D. G, \8 ~
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old3 {1 h; v" a  ~2 ~" i
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical
+ Z! A- a0 _# m0 UExposure to Testosterone( e# p) F1 V* X" e* {+ ~6 Q
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,28 O; l$ I/ G2 Q( a
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
. z- Y; P/ D6 X3 w; jClinical Pediatrics
/ N: \0 H1 |5 ?9 k5 C0 V1 zVolume 46 Number 6
2 T3 A8 o+ ]- @, ?# H3 R: `July 2007 540-543" C$ \  B8 C- z. ~# m8 U
© 2007 Sage Publications
% G( U; R) r0 Y! K( ?! g10.1177/0009922806296651+ a  `3 x- j. r7 q
http://clp.sagepub.com
4 H/ w& P) B+ N+ O8 _6 r9 uhosted at, N+ c3 c& D& g* ~4 s
http://online.sagepub.com4 ?- u( T$ l) [
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
* \$ r. s0 {0 Dis a significant concern for physicians. Central
( Z7 Q6 q( [' Y  k5 X) z& hprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated2 C1 c# B( B8 V3 J: R1 D
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
5 v& V2 p+ y0 M  q  ]8 Ra higher incidence of organic central nervous system
1 Y1 ?0 Y* U& k; S/ e* Alesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested4 H, [$ O; `& y) ^! R. c
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic# n2 W0 I. P' n2 g( \0 u/ J
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
) a- Y6 D4 y) D% hcles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We. ~+ k! R# u3 x; @
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
  T0 s' }+ L! @. z: h; [. k, lenlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-* ?0 x/ p5 `/ u4 g
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due2 k8 d( t7 P0 P3 d; O# c/ ?
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
1 D# _" O! @. @; f1 P- sthe father. The family initially concealed this infor-" s# D# N8 t2 I  C
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
% e( @* ]6 p4 X, Wchild. Given the widespread and easy availability of
6 z8 p: M& D, U9 v% rtestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
& `- H" j4 a$ s/ J6 W! W; Xbly more common than the rare case report in the
. i2 Z$ R- Y- w: R' ^literature.42 [% m; d$ N5 E# p( \! E$ u
Patient Report, W- P2 T3 |9 U, g3 @6 q
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the" \1 Q. j& K+ ?9 q4 H4 z3 ~! C
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern( N- }% c* U/ H3 [2 ]: a1 D
of early sexual development. His mother noticed  g  K$ \: t- k) I% z- [/ }
light colored pubic hair development when he was) O% j( ]2 m/ b
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of* l+ {8 {( E  k8 I$ E) L$ a
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
7 P2 p9 Y: S# L) H- h" H- ZAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
- T+ z  f, ~: V# A# W$ H# D! eProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
( z7 S. ^2 Z( Q. o* \8 V6 `( M4 h* w6 K2 wMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
& b* b7 C$ H$ ]e-mail: [email protected].# d8 L, I  P& [" {# _' O
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became, a. f4 l7 }' ^+ p! n; R* E5 h
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-! {5 H+ e( _5 C# w. w! o" X% R$ y
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
, E7 N1 |$ E# h0 B; T$ B7 Ywas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
( M" }. M+ Q6 @& g) |a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of5 d9 v' B5 k' |1 Z6 T2 X
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year+ l/ r0 f+ n4 n0 M$ i
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with
! g: ^8 T# a& Q. msolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,# n$ b+ d4 x: e/ g6 {: Q
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development
2 v7 T, [; M! g0 [2 {: gwas age appropriate.0 u& c9 b& O) L
The family history was remarkable for the father,
- C1 O; p! |6 Y( z5 _$ a3 Iwho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
* ^5 @9 N; D$ Kwhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s% N1 X5 b; U. H5 r
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat2 Z% z6 w0 k5 t9 b1 W0 G5 |; G
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.& c5 ^( k, L) w$ v
The father denied taking any other medication. The% F3 [8 d! u7 k  |- D: H5 p
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
; x  |. P5 `2 C1 h. P9 Q9 cwas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet9 m9 R1 n5 u# M: [  i, O
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
( K& ?+ ?5 j0 h7 n+ T7 A  Jcocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-* T8 \) E- A" ^$ l6 ^3 P
tives. There were no siblings.
0 W) d  M: N1 {4 u/ [& pPhysical Examination
3 X% d! t! x+ A& k5 XThe physical examination revealed a very active,
  {- K) @% W% t. iplayful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented  v; ^. {( }  A0 N( ^8 J
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was5 k% @  s% x  W# [' ~9 P4 A/ j7 r
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg+ F3 R( M7 {/ V( d1 Y
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
& h" o" s! Z" A' d( c; evelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
4 |$ Z& B. F/ Xthe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
( T! V) u6 |5 n" W4 u+ sThe genitourinary examination was remarkable for
, Z: ^. A# n+ qenlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
# O7 f% V$ S5 y- V/ I: U8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
9 X1 k! T* X6 h" odeveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around+ t1 J0 g" Z% _. w# Y% P8 V
5400 [* D' [- V# p2 R+ X
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
/ d% v2 P" a' |3 V* Z8 hthe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The3 m) ~+ f$ i% ?7 E) ^: w9 x1 V. w
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
! @/ d: B. c0 |* r/ Q$ o; p5 LThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat  ~7 k3 K6 y$ x. |- @& k$ Z
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
' i8 D4 Q* @5 C& u3 Gabnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.& j+ G1 D0 u: A# ?4 A, w
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+7 W0 v. f) }1 Z5 {
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion& E3 K# y% `, \! `1 }: O. }
of papilledema.
& R( A6 c  @5 Z) h5 ]; ~# ?Laboratory Evaluation( L4 O  O, d* N1 l: h
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by
' L/ \- s" g, i8 A9 {" Cusing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-, e0 h$ |4 S2 M3 b7 }
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal: {& p" c% \7 @' O1 H
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test* d5 e' x/ \# X  S& N
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
4 ]2 j5 q. C- Y9 glating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).- e7 f/ U3 x5 W$ }' b+ q$ Y
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
# r- f3 D4 c. D; \' X7 qurea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were3 \# z8 X0 S$ G
within normal range for his age. The concentration( z$ b+ M  {- k, e* m
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL  I* O2 l7 ~( u/ Z4 f" C# ~- J
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20+ n; \4 O+ K/ o! P
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-" r+ n, C0 E" i2 N9 M! {' G
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
8 K& e. g/ B; l( Edesoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
9 d& W8 f# h* k) x49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
( K# J) v& V# V2 r5 e' i$ [5 ~was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-# v9 P$ T) g" o% i
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total5 o; x, G6 [0 I0 W, y1 o# d
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
/ }  F9 S5 S* j5 z# G, Pand β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
# I6 F. ]% v4 J  ?! A9 ~* C& X( V: ]* k5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular0 Y2 W( C  L* y
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
% w; h8 B9 S# h" [- G  hconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
+ I- C( S4 W# z( g& P(prepubertal).6 D2 q% T! d8 U) N& P  S& G' B
The parents were notified about the laboratory$ O  p# E+ ]2 K' L$ k9 @
results and were informed that all of the tests were
* L% N" d! Y* K7 V8 Bnormal except the testosterone level was high. The- i, n! N8 r$ e6 i! M+ A
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
) Q  u6 u9 h* u/ X; \0 \obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
3 U% h5 o, M; B! [. U2 S7 Zever, the family did not return for 4 months.  O; v( u2 T; P# d% {3 M( V
Physical examination at this time revealed that the7 d. p5 E; r6 R( r  ]  p
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
! P* C1 K" Z  R% A2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
8 n( [' V7 I+ }0 p7 c; e" V  funchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
. m+ E8 \# a( E: G0 {pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at9 U  W  B/ a1 f, @7 t+ q
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2. C. e1 c4 K+ [9 P1 j5 j
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
$ D4 S- O) ^0 w0 a. d! sThe mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-5 G, ?' |; L' N
ing frequent erections.
6 M  A! Q0 f+ a. b; ?/ nBoth parents were again questioned about use of# G' m" {. M% t5 Y, I+ r' M& y( w
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to
2 V) D- K- n! Z+ `! K1 @2 vthe child’s skin. This time the father admitted the3 ^' q" K9 p, J- e& K- o7 q! l% y, }
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 5415 i' U/ ]/ W+ \8 U
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
/ m# ]+ d; w6 ^. Z/ ting over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
8 r8 F% T+ s- c  ha year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
* _+ T- Q4 o( Y9 T+ U7 B/ Q) M- {to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-) a9 K' ~4 J! ?$ L' j% F* }
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido0 L. y4 W, }+ Q4 m5 |% g
secondary to depression.
3 Z; o: M  K9 z# qThe child slept in the same bed with parents.
& ]9 z; p2 T1 r( \The father would hug the baby and hold him on his( J* j+ \$ c5 m5 V9 S. _. |- g3 j( s
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
: O- g7 X* j/ lnificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
1 }1 ^$ T5 r: K1 fThe father also admitted that after the phone call,
. k) A' \+ ~) Hwhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby
; I3 Q9 b+ m8 B; _) c/ k# V8 Rwas high, he then read the product information  u) I  N+ p9 ~2 _+ ?
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-  A- {% z9 c" I/ d
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they% A2 E4 L4 Y$ |1 }" b' u, R
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
! \7 }4 X% k$ |! ]3 _% Qfather was not hugging him with bare skin and had
7 |7 U& _. k$ e0 lbeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone& ]9 H! r& A' E5 F3 q8 \
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the; R# m" E7 h% I9 }" O" E! c/ A
laboratory to obtain the test.4 K8 O1 r0 b8 d: W
Discussion
; i% Z( n6 S4 F5 ~" r) mPrecocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary. D" s% H6 t( ^
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
' K1 y# I1 r! n! K, _$ ?) OPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
% b% i# W; h; s5 Q1 [- Nit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
- H1 o' W0 s" ^* ]8 Xthalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-, E0 B3 }6 Q5 R1 x7 |6 f
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP% Q7 _& H1 y" p- d
may have a central nervous system lesion that is
5 q" @* z; |/ l! X+ v6 T  N& hresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-/ Z, W" Z5 x' E- E! X6 J  @
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
2 ?% T) z0 L) Y$ I4 Zsis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in. S# o3 Q+ D5 ~  x' g6 {) A6 m
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-8 t& E3 t7 P$ l
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
8 N4 u$ M: F  p0 m% arical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by! ]8 K$ r0 U0 D8 ?$ e; v8 t' h
gonadotropins.1,3- ~+ x; C- i% p& ]" C0 d6 _
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
* U8 V5 ]( y5 p& T3 }/ ncious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate& m4 M$ O" g" {/ b  p
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or. o4 F8 G* G4 B5 h" C, [( t: J; g0 W
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
" O! T- A1 X, m9 `4 Pulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
* Z2 L8 r9 {& w+ l8 Kcongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive( H2 U) g' U( f, ?5 S( v' ]
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious! t0 W" M1 ~- w5 o( [: t7 R7 F
puberty in boys.3,4
. n- u) y2 M% ~" Q3 DThe most common form of congenital adrenal
+ h* Q& \8 V9 L6 |hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.3 ^; l% R6 ]! p7 [+ |1 Q& i
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
1 P3 n9 g* ]8 P4 }9 b: Y3 dexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,2 A; Y9 V. a: U" O4 J
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
  M$ l3 N" `* j* Texcess.1,3
) ~5 S" N+ E' L/ m% G+ x, M. J; Rat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
/ _/ k3 g3 E: X( P1 Q' H! m: Q542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007) Z( o( F& @! }! ~
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
3 r2 J% P9 F9 xindependent precocious puberty, which is also known
- w$ `: Q  S2 e: m8 q" \as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a- q) O6 f6 \( {' L! o
very young age. The physical findings in these boys; B% X  o( T; F6 m" Z
with this disorder are full pubertal development,
% {9 q  t4 m* _, }6 S* Y2 l- d/ bincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys7 y3 J& N* q5 o( v4 Y( K
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder/ y3 J5 ~* S2 I) o. `5 D& H8 U
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
( O3 A% s1 E2 }9 G9 U8 Lpubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-$ W! t* I/ w' I
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
' f) w/ l. T, S3 sautosomal dominant disorder that affects only
0 B. \+ n3 ]& P4 {$ n. f9 X# amales; therefore, other male members of the family
! A0 W: P8 w8 @5 ?5 M  @may have similar precocious puberty.3
& q( G6 A8 W2 I- @6 Y. h3 t% D) LIn our patient, physical examination was incon-2 |, f! @" E& ?) _+ ~& L
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
0 v) s- A* H3 `! t3 P, v! v; kcles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
0 x+ z! |3 k, I) Twas in the differential diagnosis because his father
3 p) T( q" D) z' ]started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,3 b9 d) \, Z1 j( Z+ n: @
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the
# c) O* q) Q* ]beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
% ?2 D1 w  `  H  Z% z% h/ |5 ^ative initial history of androgen exposure, our! m/ Z3 [& q8 C( C
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
; T, d4 r  _( }! d; Keither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase; E; T# k& m" J! y4 Z8 {
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
( x% }2 s4 V) X2 cing the normal level of adrenal steroids.4 p& \" A6 @$ [) L4 F! j
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
' S9 h' U- N, P5 W% H% |' \- Gsuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because4 j2 X5 J' R5 z1 i: h( k
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-
1 s8 |* m# X* m. h3 u" ?pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and& G! x' L5 [0 ^, K
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
1 a4 D3 H6 g- ^& cterone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was) F8 L1 d9 M' P9 k
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
* j; Z5 l2 e; ^  h, b$ v$ VDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
  R! _1 c5 [9 \  e, ^cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to. b8 ^+ q) O9 g6 Q  @0 q: Q& m, l
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.
( S: O! P" W- qSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the. T: U6 G7 a9 z1 m6 W; E( b
baseline value in those females who were exposed to
: c; \; J; ~) u1 Aeven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male; Y5 M% [( u+ D2 t5 C3 L+ }
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-7 B$ ~9 H& _, M  I- R/ X  q
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.* }, C1 o1 _$ e% e& S0 E3 e" b% f
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
" L+ l- m. Y- E! hwhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
, h; l& w: K% n, idermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-. _; G8 y# O0 m+ q9 S/ P* U$ ]
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more. d. N) |- ^1 o# _! s4 N- y( m2 h9 S
active in young children exposed to testosterone
# p4 A3 j% d4 Q6 i$ lexogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-* F, S; G' l3 x$ U- I
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
1 h. p0 V# V$ B1 U( q8 A- avirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in( c9 m& B/ y+ U
children results in an increase in growth velocity and
$ k) E' \$ X0 @9 T& \0 L3 ?- ~advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
$ r! O" f% ?2 X* j/ j4 d7 V- L) GThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during
5 P. u% m2 V: ^* [4 K$ f' Eearly childhood on pubertal development and final
# w; g: v) G% Xadult height are not fully known and always remain
8 l; H; ~( V! t/ F4 {a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-1 F4 x* _3 u- c( n) X; ?8 Z3 V
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some. ~' p: F2 g- u# c. o, B. w) O4 C
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
# u' X: `+ Y. {# Y, i$ Acessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
# \* L; `! u% |3 Fdecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9  a- v. W# E3 f7 V& x. f" W
There are conflicting reports and controversy
  V" I9 F  ]- i6 p2 eover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
! y& R) `; ~- `5 [penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal! [& E* _7 f+ W4 v/ Y5 L: t9 I
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
1 Y1 }# ?3 D& B9 dulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,: b" U0 M: ^! ^4 ]
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between* q2 G- i8 i% A( P- s' K2 t+ ~* H
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
  y( _! o; V2 i2 [; zpenile length in clinical studies.( ~6 d. g/ x3 A
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is+ G9 W# f3 d7 {& p; Y( H) M- c
going to experience any of the untoward effects from
! w3 S7 d; T" W8 J4 ]2 {( @2 wtestosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
( y1 E" N2 |/ U; X% rthe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
5 M( a- Z$ o7 e4 m& W. U; SAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of# D0 @1 W3 m6 G4 f' n( d
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
, J! \8 f8 I- m& A* w" pthe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult* e& z3 ^% V; v" \
height will not be affected.6 a( y; M! ~, F( @+ S8 ]& M
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-: y3 {" M& t& v/ b
ability of androgen products in our society may
9 X+ I1 R$ l. K+ Eindeed cause more virilization in male or female+ }' Y  _. n% q
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
  \" K9 d9 w5 |. v1 _  [$ l% C/ \gen products must be considered and specific ques-
. D* E8 Y1 a0 E8 ^0 h, b" O( Dtioning about the use of a testosterone product or
# O% h/ L$ C* z+ k: \6 H. k1 O% fgel should be asked of the family members during
! Q) E$ X4 R: R: }, M4 Y2 z9 W1 ithe evaluation of any children who present with vir-
7 S; J, C- p% f5 z& ailization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
# c) f  V1 g/ @- pnosis can be established by just a few tests and by
6 D  \4 I( {: k3 n3 O7 F0 Pappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a0 r$ B/ L* {6 ], G: z5 j# O7 N+ ?
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
8 C8 A4 {) u+ T/ k/ Rresult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
; y. F' u! A+ c- R) ?4 d, Xinvestigation. The primary care physician should be7 B; z. T( Q0 |9 `
aware of this fact, because most of these children8 w& Q# R* m9 p: v, E( R
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
2 X5 ?1 ]/ m; sDesk Reference and package insert should also put a
, O" e- Y$ r2 ^0 A( Iwarning about the virilizing effect on a male or
. ~  ^2 y' e3 S% F6 G$ hfemale child who might come in contact with some-* Z  y' k  q% a1 f3 Y; v
one using any of these products.
6 Q. O  `3 h, P1 Y7 |References
) \3 J# ?  s7 N& r; ]* L8 O1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation$ @; Y% @$ O5 ~5 U! e: |
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric' u2 f* q7 d2 h% G( M% u* A9 z$ ^
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
" c! L% g4 X0 @+ W# t) u4 d. o8 H2002: 565-628./ e* L! ~% K" U2 {
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious9 M  ]$ n# T7 D
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
發表於 2025-1-7 21:59:43 | 顯示全部樓層
這個我收藏了!謝謝分享!WK的資源越來越豐富,這少不了大大的辛勞!
發表於 2025-1-10 10:43:39 | 顯示全部樓層
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感謝大大的辛勞分享!我會繼續在WK關注大大的文章!
發表於 2025-1-11 22:18:01 | 顯示全部樓層
女厕偷拍辅导班主任尿尿老师的逼很嫩还有一点
發表於 2025-1-17 16:31:39 | 顯示全部樓層
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4个什么样的?
發表於 2025-1-19 02:41:05 | 顯示全部樓層

) N, _. H. G) K4 |7 i, r+ n精妙絕倫的精品,感謝啊!期待你更多更好的創作哦!
發表於 2025-3-8 22:04:50 | 顯示全部樓層
絕對的好貼!謝謝啊!逐字逐圖地看完這個帖子以後,我的心久久不能平靜,感恩啊!
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