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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old2 J" G/ D7 N. |# k, X: l. H# J
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical$ F4 I( Y- n# d8 D# o
Exposure to Testosterone
: z& `& D8 Z4 E0 o9 ^Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
- m+ ]( N E- ?. s, h; f7 zand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1' I/ q3 ~6 N7 @/ V
Clinical Pediatrics. q4 x% h/ f% u% B# o! I1 A
Volume 46 Number 6- v2 z2 J/ J- y
July 2007 540-543
3 O2 X; I. W& D© 2007 Sage Publications% b+ z- \6 C! H+ }! \
10.1177/0009922806296651
" f9 S1 Y8 a( n5 n/ S9 ghttp://clp.sagepub.com* Z& v: f8 w# u# `. W
hosted at3 E7 x3 t J$ U6 l+ A# x. l
http://online.sagepub.com2 x2 Y" I2 [ h$ H; g! X" Y3 A
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
F% h; ~9 {& x9 Wis a significant concern for physicians. Central
: H+ { ]$ x- G! kprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
+ R, h# z# ?: ~through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has6 g! z( }6 N0 l4 ^! k" K+ C9 `6 r
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system9 E& V' p6 Q9 O: _7 x/ [( A4 l6 f
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested' W4 H/ ~. I4 p( W! i: N
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
' }" m; u/ n+ mhair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
* Z/ O! l8 B& i! C5 C' \0 Y5 ncles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
+ l% \ e }- |$ h4 E4 \report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the; g, W( q8 J; C5 d8 y* N7 o
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-0 m' l9 Y( K& R7 k1 d; K; B& ?
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due
. ^+ n& A9 k/ @$ C8 J, T: j' Ato the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by. e8 t% E4 j- T
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-
9 L% W' \. T" y% _+ s' m/ a gmation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
+ s2 w# c3 s. K0 b( echild. Given the widespread and easy availability of
$ f$ L( A' K" ]5 X, T# ], \testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
3 [8 J' p6 P3 C6 X' lbly more common than the rare case report in the' F, Z- Q, _4 M
literature.4
9 b8 [! ]& w. }# X: x& U# NPatient Report b# g# z3 S4 p6 x) v [
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the
, J# W' Q. R# Xendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
- U: P* J/ v& K$ iof early sexual development. His mother noticed0 Y& F u: v0 Q4 Q% Z0 `
light colored pubic hair development when he was5 |" ?) }- E+ w4 L4 _0 C5 v
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of9 d0 S1 f% u$ `6 V6 }) Z
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
( b, ]! l) T9 V! ?) eAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
3 @1 q' V+ G: G+ P" q( J8 m$ }8 k HProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
3 f% \$ k- {) ]2 t' I! n tMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297; N. J8 u7 {1 o/ M9 B7 K Y6 Z
e-mail: [email protected].
5 V3 f1 k/ U t. o5 d$ k+ \about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
: Z/ D" D1 _6 @; \% Vdarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
9 X0 V' ]$ s! S0 x! q/ J0 {ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
. P; z5 V W- R5 O. k+ x% ywas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with9 e9 N9 o4 ^7 P. Q/ ^
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of' Q$ r" {5 f. m% z1 K) i' `9 ^
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
3 j# w% ]4 b! [of life and was still receiving breast milk along with
* ?4 L7 {( P; A. O3 Z5 B# a6 csolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery, Y( y/ w: {9 i1 w/ r
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development6 k. F7 ? ^* d/ w+ P5 o
was age appropriate.! n1 ?$ w2 F7 e8 i8 g( G
The family history was remarkable for the father,
, |0 H* K! G# w7 ~' x" w# Owho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,! ~( m$ ~) e1 n4 ^- F+ w& @
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s! t# v+ f6 S8 M8 m+ ~, C# \
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat9 M* R8 k+ Q( e
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
1 }8 n4 V% X9 M2 YThe father denied taking any other medication. The Z. _2 o" o/ @5 m
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche% I7 z, l' M3 ~6 l: q) a
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
6 V) L+ V4 p) g0 U% }: Q) v+ g5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
/ h6 Y/ A/ h- B7 C# f( A" L' G9 kcocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-' A2 K4 S" _/ s+ l
tives. There were no siblings.
, [$ P8 |# N2 v9 y$ R, {& Q. YPhysical Examination: W3 K" \/ X1 n1 b# r
The physical examination revealed a very active,5 ]6 ~3 \6 ~1 u% }
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented1 t7 E" l' \7 _/ R3 k2 m/ @) M
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
% a) ~8 S \& `0 {$ A+ Y; x$ A90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
J- v5 b( ]1 _) z6 }8 V' y, \6 `(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth) l/ `2 s# g1 r0 D
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
9 x7 p" K% B& {0 C4 V+ \8 `* Tthe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
l/ G! `+ U9 Z' v( ^" u% qThe genitourinary examination was remarkable for& J9 d& t) N' T: z
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of9 |, U+ Y3 i1 i: r
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
1 _& @0 J0 G! {0 d$ J- W8 A* F* fdeveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
. |! q! B4 K& T* {540
- _% U% N4 T' [. R! g7 Yat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
: t) Z$ u$ G( o7 E* Y% ?the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
& F; {0 z" Q0 k; m4 ntesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.6 a6 h# }9 Z- {: g
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat& {" H( l/ S {* _
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no, }4 N _- E) B
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.& m% N8 K" E Z. y
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
3 P# m1 S0 K' m: kbilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion; S) E& v; |% j' o& p& H1 G* g! j
of papilledema.
$ K* D) n$ U5 H' X: P1 ?0 NLaboratory Evaluation
$ P4 |. z! [, y- ]- s7 V3 UThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by
% ?! E( b& u; d( busing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
6 l/ N" D! O. ~" D" C7 J- |3 Plogic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
! ` l) P6 b8 Dkaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test }# c; T2 n; k( a3 O1 m1 c9 Z
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-: K( v% I1 ?# f- S6 L$ A* e3 x8 L
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).3 A) g- V+ ?9 }/ e4 J( U& W$ R
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
/ S- n" J1 B4 V1 q! f7 H$ `urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were- p2 }' ~ Z% n, h+ u! K
within normal range for his age. The concentration
3 H; X J9 C8 L" m7 Gof serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
% R& `! v/ U) M: ?(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
. a5 L. v4 N& n0 }5 ?+ e! Fng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-% e" d( d l G1 p( Z* b) `
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
' z5 ~4 k4 o. Adesoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to+ j+ U2 R3 t W% E) P4 `
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
& K2 I0 F) d: ^7 I0 i3 \: k2 Dwas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
( o( C1 _8 E- R% X+ ~; [tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
2 }+ X, f& K2 Dtestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
4 Y( v1 f3 E7 ] y3 cand β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
2 e0 l& R& m+ a6 j7 _% q% _5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
4 S# ~6 Y7 q6 W) ^, c/ Z& Hstimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone( U* q9 |( f/ p) S
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL. q7 I( B0 O% L( q/ u
(prepubertal).
* U( C* L' d: w( CThe parents were notified about the laboratory
/ v- {; I; Q `7 Sresults and were informed that all of the tests were" {$ ~2 A. \: o' O4 r2 ]8 i
normal except the testosterone level was high. The q2 K% W: `' C
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
- y% H; H/ T8 b* L6 K7 J; Aobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
: g6 b% ` r; C4 Z3 yever, the family did not return for 4 months.
" _ ?1 X& G- g2 z$ K: u7 TPhysical examination at this time revealed that the& p2 S7 U; C& R2 L9 ?5 n" X
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained1 e6 n& @# Q5 J; p) r* b0 Q
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained; N2 R, |* H+ I& x) G
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
- f3 }; A' t( o. ~3 a; u; Ipletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at! z( e" O: _& a# a
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
1 X# C g; j* `7 T! gmL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.: B8 q" V, H5 m4 C4 h. Y( k
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
( w" G# s, P0 o/ S) ^ing frequent erections.
- G: O. g0 ]# K2 G, k: r) U; v- ]) WBoth parents were again questioned about use of: |# Y9 D7 f' W5 z) n& Y0 o& F$ P/ ]
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to3 T6 Z- e! S* `5 L6 Y4 b. Q1 |
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
$ I; X, p) v+ \3 B5 O1 M/ VTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
1 L% c h: D. W: g) z0 Y' wuse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
, y& b, M4 B/ f. }6 D* r" V" p: ving over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
- a9 j# R. L: T% ^! i: ^7 ^a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
/ U! h0 y2 {( e5 O$ \to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
$ G% z) G5 ]( kscribed by his family physician for decreased libido. a* ^, }, v- j& l; M* ?6 b2 q0 S
secondary to depression.
* \. t9 [7 h, W0 v% d5 m+ ^* FThe child slept in the same bed with parents.0 p4 V' b0 [3 u9 t9 Z6 O
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his
; h z5 j4 R t- d9 F! y# ~chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
U! g1 W, ~9 M1 G: p- }nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
' `& A0 J' \+ cThe father also admitted that after the phone call,; D+ N0 [0 ]) s4 n9 t5 {# ^3 l
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby1 Z; C W \" z& V0 c' {* Q( [
was high, he then read the product information8 _! Y' i' x8 i+ {( U* U) u* R
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-/ U- s( r' z7 q$ d) J0 D5 G
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they' e: `$ r$ G$ B) W! I% q
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
' z( _3 X0 W, ]! `father was not hugging him with bare skin and had
) C6 l4 G1 X1 |! c/ O1 O- ?2 gbeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone& [$ L: b0 l* w
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the
% E9 E/ d, z1 y$ v" _/ X" Rlaboratory to obtain the test.
1 {" n* q2 }! @8 y' Q* p9 rDiscussion
9 P; i) M% Y1 K4 R1 WPrecocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary) r9 P8 `) I3 g1 p9 V/ ^( y
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4! e3 @& Y3 p6 {1 I% c/ U) x: t
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when5 w# g! r7 R6 l- n; N
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-' i" S+ c8 v; t" X" v* \" }* y
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-+ |, n" F2 I* {' N6 N) C
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP( N; d- Q+ z; M/ |& c, K
may have a central nervous system lesion that is: _/ S( Q# i+ M: v3 P) D( z
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
% v0 ?- ^) s' n# L1 c# Samic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
$ e$ j& z- n+ V) R; F+ bsis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in: v: j$ m% I: v% s# `
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-& f5 `0 d/ [0 b {# m9 j# S
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-. e2 u: y4 c7 U" D/ ~
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
- N: h5 J/ S# j" sgonadotropins.1,3
$ d, o0 J/ a E) i8 ?Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-% [) g: V; @0 Z: L' U
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
9 p8 A; v( W. ~. Candrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or
1 [: o5 K3 C2 i% x$ fexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-0 H8 W1 z" M0 n: i8 A0 ?0 y
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing9 ^4 c5 [0 Y9 `' i( F7 c+ q) i
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive/ M# g& V! C v* O7 i
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious$ _0 q4 y, a9 h* c# j
puberty in boys.3,4
; ^3 R1 d6 y4 ~' |5 z+ N1 O3 u' jThe most common form of congenital adrenal
( a0 I2 _3 J; Z2 j7 x) Z- s uhyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.. @' n, D' |+ k
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in2 _4 m$ j+ Z1 n6 n- c
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
4 i( o d+ b4 E5 d" H7 ?an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
: Y8 ?& L; p0 B" J0 s* jexcess.1,3! Q; \( O3 Q+ M2 X; u
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from( _2 V% T- I0 B( W' G0 D+ v
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 20073 l7 m6 M/ [0 i7 x9 m9 {
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
& P. h& _0 P+ s- @$ j, l. E7 f+ Hindependent precocious puberty, which is also known
: R5 l- U" w: \( j5 H" Qas testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a; _" D/ Y' ?; R9 U C
very young age. The physical findings in these boys! s( G/ j+ M+ `5 |$ a0 e/ m* @
with this disorder are full pubertal development,
; A2 P1 A. P* mincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys z0 X a8 S/ S$ A0 F! _' @1 z5 V
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder: l% _1 n+ y' k* B
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
/ m* m4 c% x3 R3 O* W$ Q& zpubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-* a, i" ]$ Z4 |
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
, j( w/ e2 L$ p3 q! b' D3 s% a0 c/ b2 wautosomal dominant disorder that affects only9 \9 ]) V- g- w( D* t
males; therefore, other male members of the family4 P3 `0 U. v: I
may have similar precocious puberty.37 M/ }8 W( v) F# y: K- X! E
In our patient, physical examination was incon-/ L) q9 F- |6 H8 p, z& V* e$ l
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-$ t, \ l3 p" q6 P+ L
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
; I5 S8 W+ R+ h6 ]4 F# wwas in the differential diagnosis because his father7 }/ }) x9 z* r" ~; o
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
n# T6 X! p; o- ~! l5 }8 Wtesticular enlargement is not that evident in the
3 E2 x" J; K( ^& e' ^6 H& s; W, Bbeginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-# o# J) `2 l8 R. L R( t: h
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our5 s& s/ |+ O5 w( ~5 r
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
. {* A+ Z" Z1 v( u' heither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase1 @4 S3 r, U/ u0 z; W# M
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-. P& P& _0 ~* u! v, ]$ P2 c
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.) ], ?5 h7 A: ]4 }
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly% F% r- l4 F, y3 w+ I
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
1 ^4 I/ ?. q% t/ W, qthe physical examination revealed the complete disap- R, p; ?! B6 l3 u) ^6 R
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and& M H, _9 W3 S! j: A. ^
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-, o5 O e. w. e
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
; J9 E+ E: F0 ]using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’7 G! E3 V" p5 I$ |
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or+ w: y/ m! N p! K4 d. N# I% |
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to7 Q, g1 n) h0 D9 p# ?
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.
& L3 _4 C" u6 BSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the6 N! p5 c! S; `
baseline value in those females who were exposed to) v! K& o$ S3 {% g% [ L8 ^
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
! x3 x) c7 s3 P/ b0 H) H/ Qpartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-) }. @" c# u0 {
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
8 q0 N; A3 q; @" X% l- m5 m p aOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,; z! @% o. c N3 C8 M' N4 }
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that( D& i1 j8 q W0 @$ Y
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
$ ~" X; }. @/ v7 d; Y2 |terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more' N# l: O# R# C# ]# B$ C8 s
active in young children exposed to testosterone
1 y) ?" `" W$ P5 E4 d6 gexogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-. ~2 L4 U4 D; g) r' y2 g5 c; B' g
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
3 w/ Z8 C, y( j. Ovirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
6 K, [- {7 m9 H& kchildren results in an increase in growth velocity and
, S0 S( ]. K* l1 Dadvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
. m$ j0 s! x! Y% J4 CThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during
9 O* |! L# g& A- c! N+ A4 Mearly childhood on pubertal development and final' Q% h" a. I- K, C5 W
adult height are not fully known and always remain
& w& `% o3 E& Oa concern. Children treated with short-term testos-, f$ A! ]& `8 I3 Y q1 p; q& `; w
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
" F. @& M) U5 J/ B ]7 i0 z uacceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after# e4 R$ l- n. Q" v! c
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
. k8 j$ K7 M( R0 Ldecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
, k; V3 r% C4 \0 Y' u- }/ g- \There are conflicting reports and controversy
' D9 X. d1 i& h) Z+ n) X" Jover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
, |, n. l3 l! {& Y. x! h' m! }/ bpenile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
9 u) I1 i+ M l$ b! Cadult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
C: q- x2 x8 F2 q L0 l5 iulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,! D* U6 y: }5 P, N' I) a: z* i
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between# u+ a+ ]8 p3 D4 M; {, z
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult& B/ ?! B E+ X4 }- ~
penile length in clinical studies.+ }8 G0 c m& j
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is& G- `+ C+ D% Z' K, ^1 R* s6 P4 q
going to experience any of the untoward effects from6 d, L, r3 ]( y1 Z
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
5 d: ^$ P& ^5 z+ h$ S' Lthe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.* I& C( z& o4 J2 O& J# q
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of- n( }6 }* c- b1 ]
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
. L3 j7 v2 \$ J3 b" S1 L, j- Ythe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult7 F. p6 i2 u6 \6 g
height will not be affected.
: D( k: [" {/ V% G0 y; i jAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-* Q9 T# ]& i& Y: a9 B
ability of androgen products in our society may% A: a" _: u; f9 } Y
indeed cause more virilization in male or female; J: V) r; P l. {0 M m. c# l8 O
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
5 E! g$ ]2 g4 Qgen products must be considered and specific ques-
0 c3 P7 H( W5 btioning about the use of a testosterone product or s# X- W* B9 G% V3 ]3 w
gel should be asked of the family members during. m& r& H. z0 Q" B4 O
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-6 y' D1 ]1 I+ f- v# A
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
2 }3 e. h9 A* x- `6 C1 A$ T* Jnosis can be established by just a few tests and by4 G: l' C u1 P! w6 u$ B& P& w
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a. l- ?5 t: K' k s) b" ]
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
7 l+ Y, h" T& d0 oresult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive$ Y* t& a: [9 E# K5 V. J5 V
investigation. The primary care physician should be2 ~* b% r1 ^' T" P0 E Y
aware of this fact, because most of these children
8 w0 J7 O( c' I" ~4 x/ f, @& hmay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
+ _! l$ Y* k8 Q# X& t* gDesk Reference and package insert should also put a
" I0 S8 X2 k3 E4 O: Ywarning about the virilizing effect on a male or+ f, X( N( g$ G+ U, G
female child who might come in contact with some-
* K; q- a9 Q) V2 ^& vone using any of these products.' W; ~+ R1 J, r1 X( o/ p
References8 _; S& D/ H- o+ x: k6 L4 ~5 q
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation" |$ L3 j \2 Y6 b H
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric1 E+ k d3 u [( F$ u- y3 Q& L# l
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;7 b) r7 T: ]9 `0 j8 `
2002: 565-628.+ W; ^8 {2 M2 ? M# _% H* m" i8 @
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious$ |4 u7 u! D. G, \8 ~
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal |
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